Prostitution is common lewdness for hire, the act or...

Prostitution is common lewdness for hire, the act or practice of a woman who permits a man who will pay her price to have sexual intercourse with her. It is a universal phenomenon with moral, social, cultural, psychological, medical, and other aspects. Although male prostitution is also found, that involving males exclusively is best considered as part of the general problem of HOMOSEXUALITY. History. Social attitudes toward prostitution have changed through the ages and go on changing. It is difficult to generalize about primitive societies in which prostitution was generally obviated by an early age of marriage, the existence of polygamy or ease of divorce, and the sexual freedoms of some peoples. Instances of prostitution of slaves†¦show more content†¦While the Greeks had few principles of sexual morality but a well-preserved sense of public decency, the Romans held much more exalted personal and family ideals but came to exhibit a general moral depravity of which prostitution was only one form. In this development prostitution remained shameful per se, for both parties. A system of police registration and taxation was developed very early. The names of prostitutes could never be removed from the register, they were required to wear distinctive dress, and they were deprived of full civil rights. Greek influence, along with the increase of wealth and luxury, a ssisted in the spiritual decay of the Republic until even the upper strata of society yielded recruits to prostitution. Corrective measures attempted by some emperors were unsuccessful, as was a sixth-century attempt at a monastic refuge established by Justinian, who also removed some of the civil disabilities of prostitutes. Christianity, while condemning the procurer, introduced a charitable attitude toward the prostitute. There developed an interest in the reformation of prostitutes and the suppression of vice. The Church established rescue missions, convents for the reception of penitents, and dowries to enable prostitutes to marry. Innocent III commended the marrying of a prostitute. Gregory IX denounced those who drew profit from prostitution,Page 774 | Top of Article counseled that brothel-keepers should not be allowed to prevent prostitutes from

Health Care Systems Of The United States - 1819 Words

In this day of age, the world has made extensive advancements in research, technology, and overall knowledge. This is especially shown in the ever growing health care systems that exist. Despite all the innovations that have occurred, however, one constant remains: poor health is inevitable. Illness does not discriminate. Nationwide, people of all ages, genders, and races struggle with various afflictions. Some disorders are chronic, while others occur acutely; some can be prevented, while others are genetic disorders. The large population of ill present in various areas. They are treated in specialty units, in community clinics, in their homecare setting, and in rural and urban hospitals. It is infeasible to create a world completely free†¦show more content†¦In this particular discussion, the Registered Nurse (RN) serves as the delegator, in which he or she delegates tasks to the delegatee, which can include another RN, a Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA), or a Licensed Pr actical Nurse (LPN). Each member of the process has their own responsibilities in which they are held accountable for. Because a patient’s health is critical, several rules and regulations exist to ensure safe and effective delegation occurs. Each state has their own individual Nursing Practice Act, which clearly defines the scope of nursing practice, defining what tasks can or cannot be delegated. (Cherry Jacob, 2008, pg. 407) Each state can differ in their specific rules and regulations, so it is important to become familiar with the specific state in which the Registered Nurse chooses to practice. The Board of Nursing in each state, as well as specific hospital and agencies policy and procedures exist to maintain rules of delegation. The various resources exist to ensure safe patient care. In order to provide adequate delegation, it is important to understand the various aspects involved. Before delegation occurs, understanding the job descriptions and scope of practice t hat each team member has can help define who can do what. It is also important to understand the level of care a patient needs, determining the severity of

Akamai Case Study Ecommerce Free Essays

1. Why does akamai need to geographically disperse its servers to deliver its costumers’ web content? Akamai allows its costumers to move their web-based products closer to their end users (local). Meaning that an Akamai website can deliver from 4 to 10 times faster as non-Akamai website, due to the 73. We will write a custom essay sample on Akamai Case Study Ecommerce or any similar topic only for you Order Now 000 servers around the world. 2. If you wanted to deliver software content over the Internet, would you sign up for Akamai’s service? Why or why not? Yes we would sign up for the Akamai service due to the following advantages * Reliability * Availability * Speed * Security Reporting tools with regards to problems or traffics * Scalability (the possibility of having many users and large files) 3. What advantages does an advertiser derive from using Akamai’s EdgeScape service? What kinds of products might benefit from this kind of service? The main advantage of this EdgeScape service is the tracking possibility of online shopping behaviour. This way an advertiser can pin point buyers based on geographic locations, and validate an end user’s location. 4. Why don’t major business firms distribute their videos using P@P networks lie Bittorent? P2P means the sharing of files between users of the P2P service such as Bittorent or Bitlord. But this also means that all users are actually servers meaning that it is not easy to collect user data. Also major firms might want to use Akamai instead of P2P as it is more reliable, secure and stable. With the underlying infrastructure of the Internet major companies will most likely not benefit from p2p services. Due to the slow loading of websites companies will most likely chose for a web-streamed based content. These content are often saved on a local server and are most likely quicker distributed to their costumers. . Do you think Internet users should be charged based on the amount of bandwidth they consumer, or tiered plan where users would pay in rough proportion to their usage? No, we believe that the Internet must remain free without people paying for the use of bandwidth. When you are charging people for the use of bandwidth then many people will avoid certain websites that u se up allot of bandwidth such as video streaming which uses up allot of bandwidth. It might even result in people avoiding the high use of the internet due to the costs, which is bad news for many online businesses. How to cite Akamai Case Study Ecommerce, Free Case study samples

Business Plan for mHealth

Question: Discuss about the Business Plan for mHealth. Answer: Business Plan Description of Business Idea This new business venture mHealthwill operate through a mobile app which will be available for all types of mobile platforms such as Android and iOS. It is basically a mobile medical application which will fulfill the definition of a medical device. Consumers, through this application will be able to maintain their health. This app will help the users to diagnose their disease including preventing a disease (Subhiet al.2015). For example, this app will help to measure vital signs such as blood pressure which will help to prevent hypertension and associated disorders. Besides, this app will also allow the users to access their medical records on the phone (Bouloset al.2014). Users will be able to quickly see which vaccination they had. Users can also send non-urgent messages to the clinics and can get response within a couple of days. Tracking health will become for the users if they can use this app. Figure 1: A general view of the mHealth application in Android (Source: Created by Author) Mission and Vision Statement Vision Statement: mHealthenvision becoming leading healthcare solution mobile app in New Zealand. Mission Statement: The management of the organization aims to deliver reliable and quality health care solutions through their mobile app to the users. They also aim to continuously adopt latest technologies and industry practices in order to deliver world class and perfect health care solutions to esteem consumers in New Zealand. Unique Selling Proposition Eat, laugh, enjoy; we will take care of your health Competitive Advantage In any business having competitive advantage is very vital. There are several other medical mobile apps present in New Zealand that have already gained the attention of the consumers. Therefore, it is vital for the management of mHealth to have some competitive advantage over the other rival applications (Block et al.2015). However, this application already has some competitive advantage that can help them to penetrate the new market in New Zealand. Several mobile health care apps such as Johns Hopkins ABX Guide and Round Health medical apps are only available in iOS platform. mHealth will be launched for both iOS and Android platforms which will let the management to have competitive advantage over those two medical mobile apps. Currently top 5 mobile apps are Micromedex, UpToDate, John Hopkins ABX Guide, Red Cross First Aid and My Chart. None of these applications are providing the facility of behavior shifting through which this app can enhance disease prevention. Another major competitive advantage of this application is its cost leadership strategy (Rothaermel2015). Most of the medical mobile applications that are equipped with useful information are costly. For example, Doctor on Demand app will charge a user $40 for a standard 15 minutes of surfing. Micromedex charges $3 for surfing the app each time. Here, mHealth will have another competitive advantage as it will be available for free. However, the app will charge the users when they will update the application to use any new option that will be added through up gradation. Key Stakeholders Partners: There are several types of business partnership structures available such as sole proprietorship, general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability limited partnership, Limited Liability Company, joint venture and association. As it is already mentioned that mHelath is an organization that will operate and will provide its services through mobile application, it is obvious that it will partner with an app developing company. Technologies are changing frequently and with these changes it is required to upgrade the app every now and then. Therefore, it would be good for the organization to develop a general partnership. A general partnership is composed of two or more companies who agree to contribute money or labor or skills to a business (Salaman and Storey2016). Each partner shares the profits and losses. Each partner will be uniformlyaccountable to any type of debt in the partnership. Terms and conditions of the partnership are generally included in a written partnership agreement. The management of mHealth can form a partnership with Roam Limited which is a software solutions company in New Zealand and is famous for their mobile app developing capabilities. The management of mHealth can form partnership with them where the team of Roam Limited will be responsible for handling the app development side of the business. They will add necessary upgrades in the app and will remove any bugs or technical issues. They will also communicate with the consumers directly where consumers will share their app related issues. PESTEL analysis Figure 2: PESTEL Analysis(Source: ) Political: New Zealand has a stable government and that is the reason that any new business has a great chance of success in the country. However, political changes in New Zealand take place after every three year and with the establishment of new government, new rules and regulations are also developed. Being a new business organization, the management mHealth will have become aware of these changes. In the country, labor laws strict and labor forces is very expensive in the government (Kelsey 2015). On the other hand, as the lending rates are also high in the country, the business organizations are bound to pay more amounts of taxes which reduce their overall profitability. Economic: The economic condition of the country is excellent which can be understood from their per capita income. GDP per capita in the country is equal to 290 percent of the worlds average. GDP per capita in New Zealand is 29,000 USD at an average. In the year of 2016 it was 36,000 USD (Kelsey 2015). The rates of any type of product or service in the country are quite economical. Therefore, people are able to buy any type of product quite easily. This is the reason, that people of New Zealand will not have any problem to buy a medical app at a high price. Inflation rate is also low in the country along with the unemployment rate. Recently, the demand of mobile applications has increased in the country including medical mobile applications. People are ready to spend any amount of money to have such an app in their mobile devices which is good news for the management of mHealth. Social: Social condition of the country is also favorable for business organizations. The country entirely depends on business with other countries. There is a frequent demand in t he economic system which can surely affect the economic condition of the country. New Zealand entirely depends on other countries to get new and updated technologies which clearly shows that the government spends a fewer amount of money on research and development works (Brownet al.2014). People in New Zealand are extremely health conscious and they already like the concept of medical mobile app as it helps them to monitor their health anytime and anywhere. Technological It is already mentioned that the country depends on other countries for getting new technologies. However, recently a change is found in the country as the government is showing significant interest in developing several technological products (James 2015). Therefore, it can be stated the demand for new technologies in increasing in New Zealand which is also supported by the government of the country. Environmental New Zealand is located at 900 kilometers away from Australia and has its own unique ecological system. Unlike most countries, in New Zealand, the people are well aware of the changing environmental condition. Therefore, the population of the country is ready to get rid of any kind of pollution (Weidner and Jnicke2013). Several new technologies are implemented in the country to deal with garbage. Rules and regulations related to environment are also strict in the country. Therefore, the management of mHealth will have to follow all the rules and regulations of the country and will have to develop a sustainable workplace. Legal The government of the country changes after every three years and the new government develop new rules and regulations. The crime rate is very low in the country and the country has not experienced any large scale of hacking incidents that can affect mobile applications. Therefore, the management of the organization should not worry about hackers in New Zealand. However, as rules and regulations mostly change after every three year, the management of mHealth will have to become aware of the new rules. On the other hand, the managemet of mHealth will have to follow the legal rules and regulations developed by FDA before launching their application in the country (Hamelet al. 2014). The FDA will apply risk-based approach to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the medical mobile application. The management of mHealthis subject to the necessitiesoutlined in the applicable device classification regulation below. Based on the classification and the connected regulation for the medical m obile app, the manufacturers are needed to follow t he rules developed by the regulation (Yetisenet al. 2014). Class I Device: General Controls that include: Development registration and Medical Device listing (21 CFR 807) Quality system (QS) Regulation (21 CFR Part 820) Labeling requirements (21 CFR Part 801) Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) requirements for clinical studies of investigational devices (21 CFR Part 812). Class II devices: For these devices General controls are same as described for Class I devices including Special controls and Premarket notification. Class III devices General controls are same as described for Class I devices including Premarket approval (21 CFR Part 814). Potential market and customers Healthcare has always been a mobile profession and the rapid advance of mobile devices and adoption of mobile phones in New Zealand has opened up tremendous potential for the application of these devices in the country. By using new and creative mobile devices and high speed wireless protocols, it is now possible to deliver healthcare where it is required. Mobile information communication Technology (MICT)has brought an unprecedented revolution in healthcare. Today, a number of mobile devices are used extensively with beneficial result s. As a result, companies are motivated to apply mobile devices in the healthcare sector. Devices for example mobile phones, PDAs, tablet PCs, laptops and RFIDs are continuously evolving, incorporating bigger functionalities and enhancing the chances to improve healthcare. Recently the mobile phones are widely used for interacting with the patients regarding their reminders, lab results and monitoring. PDAs, laptops, tablet PCs are extremely strong, portable and wireless that allows professional support to be brought directly to the patients bed side. Several pilot studies are done and those studies have identified number of benefits of these mobile applications. Countries such as New Zealand, the UK and the USA has commonly agreed that demand for health care services will rise tremendously among the people in the next few years. Therefore, it will be difficult for the governments to deliver healthcare services to each of their citizens. Slowly but steadily people of these countries and becoming more health conscious and well informed. Therefore, the chances are high that the demand of mobile medical applications will rise in the near future (Stoyanovet al. 2015). Potential of the mobile health application With the rise and improvement of Technology in the Healthcare sector the use of mobile application is one of the best ways to deal with all the modern day health challenges. The mHealth app is expected to double its market range within the next 1 year. As more number of people is increasing the habit of Smartphone usage and also is totally dependent on different type of applications that is essential part of the Smartphone, the use of digital health app is one of the best ways to deal with all modern day health challenges and also get proper information related to every clinical condition. The health application has already been one of the most significant elements of health market penetration in all developed countries like New Zealand USA and Australia. The modern day healthcare application is one of the best ways to diagnose all type of diseases. It is also possible to track the health condition of individual depending upon the status of their health and also get the latest inform ation about all type of diseases. According to the report ofPayneet al. (2015), the Smartphone application market and the use of modern day Healthcare apps is expected to giant huge revenue to the Healthcare industry. In the United States the Healthcare application is expected to deliver 1.3 million dollar in the next 1 year which is nearly 50% more compared to the previous financial year. The Healthcare industry of the New Zealand is also expected to rise at a rapid rate within the next few years with the introduction of new type of Healthcare applications that aims to provide detailed information regarding all the modern day care challenges. Rapid rise of Smartphone users in all the developed countries like New Zealand and Australia there is a huge potential for the mobile phone applications related to health care in the consumer market that can help to attract all type of investors and stakeholders. It is also believed that most of the challenges related to Healthcare information system that exist in the current time can be overcome with the usage of Healthcare application system. In spite of the Rise of the cost in Healthcare service, the usage of Healthcare application has been one of the strong high point the modern day Healthcare service (Albrecht 2013). The report of the World Health organization suggests that the developed nations are more likely to make use of the mHealth app as they can have the capacity to make high level of investment in the healthcare department. There are different type of Healthcare applications that can provide define type of information related to Health Care system and also help the customers to book an online appointment with the doctor or any other general physician (Boudreauxet al. 2014). It is also possible for the patient who are living in remote areas to use mobile application in order to directly communicate with doctors or any other health specialist that can help them to get primary level of treatment and also sure there issues they are facing. According to the report of Huckvaleet al.(2015), the total number of Smartphone users in 2016 is estimated to be around 247 million in all around the world. This number is likely to double within the next 3 to 4 years. Hence it is evident from the fact that with the Rise of the total number of Smartphone users the tendency to use mobile phone applications related to health care and Healthcare information system will also raise significant leave within the next 3 to 4 years. The report of the mobile health market also has highlighted it up on the importance of mobile phone marketing that can be achieved with the help of Healthcare applications. The pop up ads that is a part of all mobile full application can also help in the promotional activities of all Healthcare Smartphone apps which can be a source of revenue income for all application manufacturers. All over the world, the healthcare application industry and the digital healthcare system has already generated 1300 million dollar that is one of the main strong point that has helped all the healthcare application manufacture to make further investment in the improvement of the domain and also has helped in the overall process of dealing with all form of challenges in the healthcare system. This large scale of revenue and all the potential source of income is one the main motivating force for all the healthcare brands that can help them to make high level of investment and improve upon the research work to further development of the healthcare apps. There can also be special design Healthcare application that is helpful to all the doctors and general physicians. With the help of this dedicated Healthcare apps the doctors can directly communicate with the patient group and provide them with vital information related to health care and treatment techniques. Use of the fitness Apps As more number of people is involving themselves in different type of physical activities the use of Healthcare apps that help in the fitness program is becoming highly popular in context of the modern days. In the modern days people of all age categories are highly motivated to involve themselves to engage in different type of physical activity program that can help them to avoid all type of chronic diseases. With the help of fitness app it is possible for every individual the details related to Health Care activities. The fitness app provides various facilities that include tracking the total calorie spent every physical activity also the total time that particular individual is spending on a particular type of physical activity up. The report ofMartnez-Prezet al. (2015), suggests that nearly 76% of all the Smartphone users have made use of the fitness apps that has helped them in different types of sports and physical care activities. The fitness app also provides seems like sharing information about the physical fitness activity of individual in all the social media. There is also online community that can help the entire fitness aware individual to get detail information about the use of the fitness program. Hence, this kind of fitness app can attract all the potential customers that include the athletes and professional as well as ametuareal sports person. Going adaptation of Health and Wellness fitness tracking can stimulate awareness among individual related to the importance of maintaining physical activities in everyday life. Modern day context of maintaining healthy life is one of the main driving forces that will motivate all the Smartphone users to use a fitness and health care apps in order to track gear fitness activities. Fitness app can also provide information and proper guidance to all type of individual that can help Chang in maintaining a Healthy lifestyle and perform physical activity according to individual health status and need (Donkeret al. 2013). It is important for all the fitness app manufacturers to have a well-developed plan for business marketing and also promoter the popularity of their application among all fitness lover people. The use of digital media and social media platforms is one of the best ways to promote the fitness application. This can help the manufacturers to attract all the target customers. References Albrecht, U.V., 2013. Transparency of health-apps for trust and decision making.Journal of medical Internet research, 15(12), p.e277. Block, J.H., Kohn, K., Miller, D. and Ullrich, K., 2015. Necessity entrepreneurship and competitive strategy.Small Business Economics,44(1), pp.37-54. Boudreaux, E.D., Waring, M.E., Hayes, R.B., Sadasivam, R.S., Mullen, S. and Pagoto, S., 2014. Evaluating and selecting mobile health apps: strategies for healthcare providers and healthcare organizations. Translational behavioral medicine, 4(4), pp.363-371. Boulos, M.N.K., Brewer, A.C., Karimkhani, C., Buller, D.B. and Dellavalle, R.P., 2014. Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification.Online journal of public health informatics,5(3). Brown, D.A., Campbell, K.S.W. and Crook, K.A., 2014.The Geological Evolution of Australia New Zealand: Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies. Elsevier. Donker, T., Petrie, K., Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M.R. and Christensen, H., 2013. Smartphones for smarter delivery of mental health programs: a systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 15(11), p.e247. Hamel, M.B., Cortez, N.G., Cohen, I.G. and Kesselheim, A.S., 2014. FDA regulation of mobile health technologies.The New England journal of medicine,371(4), p.372. Huckvale, K., Prieto, J.T., Tilney, M., Benghozi, P.J. and Car, J., 2015. Unaddressed privacy risks in accredited health and wellness apps: a cross-sectional systematic assessment. BMC medicine, 13(1), p.214. James, C., 2015.The quiet revolution: Turbulence and transition in contemporary New Zealand. Bridget Williams Books. Kelsey, J., 2015.Reclaiming the future: New Zealand and the global economy.Bridget Williams Books. Kelsey, J., 2015.The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment?.Bridget Williams Books. Martnez-Prez, B., De La Torre-Dez, I. and Lpez-Coronado, M., 2015. Privacy and security in mobile health apps: a review and recommendations. Journal of medical systems, 39(1), p.181. Payne, H.E., Lister, C., West, J.H. and Bernhardt, J.M., 2015. Behavioral functionality of mobile apps in health interventions: a systematic review of the literature. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 3(1), p.e20. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Salaman, G. and Storey, J., 2016.A Better Way of Doing Business?: Lessons from The John Lewis Partnership. Oxford University Press. Stoyanov, S.R., Hides, L., Kavanagh, D.J., Zelenko, O., Tjondronegoro, D. and Mani, M., 2015. Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 3(1), p.e27. Subhi, Y., Bube, S.H., Bojsen, S.R., Thomsen, A.S.S. and Konge, L., 2015. Expert involvement and adherence to medical evidence in medical mobile phone apps: a systematic review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth,3(3). Weidner, H. and Jnicke, M. eds., 2013.Capacity building in national environmental policy: A comparative study of 17 countries. Springer Science Business Media. Yetisen, A.K., Martinez-Hurtado, J.L., da Cruz Vasconcellos, F., Simsekler, M.E., Akram, M.S. and Lowe, C.R., 2014. The regulation of mobile medical applications.Lab on a Chip,14(5), pp.833-840.

6 Things Easier Than Getting Into All Eight Ivies

Year in and year out, thousands and thousands of students apply to the Ivy League schools for a chance to study at one of the world’s top universities. While most students apply to one or fewer, some take bigger risks by applying to more.But every year, there are a handful hard-working students that take a huge risk and apply to all eight Ivies. Usually, they’re top of their class, high-achieving students that truly deserve to get into top schools. It’s hard enough to get into one Ivy League school, let alone eight. So just how hard is it to get into all of them? We crunched the numbers from the acceptance rates for the Class of 2020 and found just how difficult it is†¦ and it’s pretty staggering. 1 in 605,119,327, approximately. What, exactly, is more probable than getting into all eight Ivies? Getting in a plane crash: 1 in 11 million. With so many daily flights, it’s really unlikely that you ever get into a plane crash. Winning the lottery: 1 in 13.9 million. The lottery is more likely, and pretty significantly so. If you can get into all eight Ivy League schools, it’s better than winning the lottery. Getting struck by lightning†¦ twice: 1 in 9 million. Yes, you read that correctly. Getting struck by lightning once is pretty unlikely (1 in 700,000). Getting struck by lightning twice in your life is extremely improbable. But you’re still way more likely to do that than get into the Ivies. Making it to the NBA: 3 in 10,000.High school seniors: if you’re still playing basketball, you’re way, way more likely to make it to the NBA than you are to get into all eight Ivy League schools. Getting bit by a shark: 1 in 11.5 million.If you’re weighing your options between hoping for all Ivy League schools or swimming in the ocean, know this: you’re about 60x more likely to head back to your beach chair with a shark bite than come home with eight acceptance letters from all the Ivies.Becoming President of the United States: 1 in 10 million.Looking to be the next leader of the free world? You’ll probably need to apply to the Ivies anyways, but even if you don’t, you’re more likely to sit in the Oval Office than you are to get into all eight Ivies. All that being said, apply! Last year alone,at leastsix students got into all eight of the Ivy League schools, so it’s certainly not impossible. If you do apply to all eight, make sure you have a few other options just to be sure. College is where you’ll spend 4 years of your life learning, developing critical skill sets, and expanding your social circle. Make sure you choose the school that is the right fit for you because a shiny title is not a guarantee of success or of a fulfilling college career. Make an informed choice by talking to current students on ourmentorship platform. Access 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students (they get paid when you view them). is a community of students helping students. Our goal is to bring much-needed transparency to higher education.

Edwards Surname Meaning, Origin and Family History

Edwards Surname Meaning, Origin and Family History Edwards is a patronymic surname meaning son of Edward. It derives from the early medieval English given name, Edward, meaning prosperous guardian, from the Old English Eadward, composed of the elements ead, meaning prosperity or fortune, and w(e)ard, meaning guard. Edwards is the 53rd most popular surname in the United States and the 17th most common surname in England. Surname Origin:  EnglishAlternate Surname Spellings:  EDWARDES, EDWARDSON, EDWARD, EDWART Famous People With the EDWARDS Surname Jonathan Edwards: Protestant  Theologian, Philosopher, Journalist, Educator, ScholarGareth Edwards: Welsh rugby playerBlake Edwards:  American film director, producer and screenwriterTeresa Edwards: American basketball player; Olympic medalistRobert Alan Bob Edwards:  American author, radio journalist and host  Clement Edwards:  Welsh lawyer, journalist, trade union activist and Liberal politicianPierpont Edwards: American lawyer, judge and delegate to the American Continental Congress Where Is the EDWARDS Surname Most Commonly Found? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Edwards is the 800th most common surname in the world. It is especially prevalent in the United States, where it ranks 51st, as well as England (21st), Australia (26th), Wales (14th), Trinidad and Tobago (18th), Jamaica (14th) and New Zealand (23rd). Within England it is most common in Shropshire, where it is the 5th most frequent surname. It is also the 7th most common surname in both Flintshire and Denbighshire, Wales. Ellis is found most frequently in Wales, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, followed by Australia, New Zealand and the United States. Genealogy Resources for the Surname EDWARDS Edwards Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Edwards surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Edwards query.FamilySearch - EDWARDS  Genealogy: Explore over 7.6  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Edwards surname, as well as online Edwards family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Edwards  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Edwards  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Managing Diversity Strategies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing Diversity Strategies - Article Example In summary, the article portrays diversity management as a business strategy that requires training to employees in order to increase their ability to align their practices to the diversity requirement in both the external and internal business environments. Key points in the article are on the importance of authenticity in diverse management which requires the shunning of the tradition perception of the practice. Glenn also sensitizes on the importance of diversity management in growth, and how change evaluation is important is creating reliable diversity management strategies (2). The article is important in the chapter of study in that it addresses the queries on the significance of the approach in the workplace, how to effectively implement the process and how to develop appropriate diversity training techniques. The choice of the article is based on its ability to evaluate the future of diversity management as influenced by mandatory change in the corporate world. I agree with the arguments by Glenn since the article highlights accurate trends in the practice based on trends in diversity management. The article also provides reliable information since it uses case studies of companies that have successfully implemented diversity management strategies. Glenn, Llopis. Diversity Management is the Key to Growth: Make it Authentic. Forbes. June 13, 2011. Web. April 21, 2015.

Neglecting the Course of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neglecting the Course of English - Essay Example The researcher states that the mistake that he did unintentionally was a late submission of a required essay, which is quite regretful for him. Due to failure to submit the essay in time, the author did not receive a passing grade in the class due to which, he was unable to complete the requirements for his admission. The researcher feels really sorry that he was unable to manage his time according to his activities that were equally important. This failure taught the author a lesson and he does not want this failure to prove as a dark spot on his transfer to UCSD. Being an international student, the narrator tries to do his best in his academics as well as other student activities prevalent in the educational institution. The researcher is fully aware that acquisition of English language is compulsory for the students due to which, he has attended community college for 19 months for learning the English language. The author has gained proficiency in reading and writing English langu age and he feels that his transcript is not reflective of it. Nevertheless, the narrator is prepared to retake the lower division or equivalent English writing course again in the college in order to meet the requirements of the missing units not as a junior but as a freshman/sophomore level. The author’s overall percentage in different subjects is not bad, which is quite evident from his major subject of Communication studies. The researcher is well prepared for the transfer to UCSD as he has shifted from San Jose all the way down to Southern California and he has found an apartment in La Jolla. The researcher has also read class catalog multiple times in order to plan for his classes and extracurricular activities. In order to upgrade his knowledge about UCSD, the researcher has attended transfer admitted day as he hopes to continue his studies in UCSD. In preparing to be transferred to UCSD, the author did not just enjoy his holidays back in his home country but the author has continued reading various books and also worked as an internet and this job had a requirement of daily usage of English language for communicating in terms of paper writing and speaking.

Rhetorical analysis of Ha-Joon Chang's My Six-Year-Old Son Should Get Essay

Rhetorical analysis of Ha-Joon Chang's My Six-Year-Old Son Should Get a Job - Essay Example Chang begins the essay with an appeal from a unanimous father that his six-year-old son should get a job like other millions of children. The father justifies his appeal saying that the child one day is going to enter the adult world of survival, that is why; the sooner is the better. Chang expresses this thought through a bold sentence â€Å"I should make him quit school and get a job.† This technique immediately delivers the expected answer. Chang expresses it, â€Å"I can hear you say I must be mad. Myopic. Cruel. You tell me that I need to protect and nurture the child.† Chang’s explains this is how the noble rich societies are going to criticize a father who wishes to send the six-year-old child to the job. Ha-Joon Chang with the above approach received his readers’ attention and achieved the goal. He then delivers the key concept of his article â€Å"This absurd line of argument is in essence how free-trade economists justify rapid, large-scale trad e liberalization in developing countries.† Chang used literary analogy to achieve his goal and to establish his case to his audience. Devolved countries while do not morally approve sending a six-year-old child to the job, at the same time, care less if developing countries industries are forced to enter into an unequal battle because of free-trade economic policies. Chang, again uses analogy to explain the future economic conditions that these countries will eventually be facing due to free trade policies, â€Å"If I drive Jin-Gyu into the labor market at the age of six, he may become a savvy shoeshine boy or even a prosperous street hawker, but he will never become a brain surgeon or a nuclear physicist -- that would require at least another dozen years of my protection and investment.† Again, this is how Chang argues against the implementation of free trade policies in developing countries. After establishing his case to the audience, Chang starts proving the case. H e uses the term infant industries for developing countries and compares it to the process of bringing up of children by parents. Chang’s principal advocacy revolves around rendering protection to the infant industries. He also knows that he has to face opponents’ views that express governments can be over protective, and industries can manipulate for prolong government protection through clever lobbying. Chang explains that the policy needs to be used wisely (â€Å"My Six Year Child Should Get a Job†). In the process of defending his case, Chang uses historical facts. He juxtaposes current infant industries of developing countries with that of United States in the late 18th century. In this respect, Chang refers to the thoughts and proposals of Alexander Hamilton, the United States first Secretary of Treasury. At the age of 33, Alexander Hamilton, declares that a backward country like the US should protect its 'industries in their infancy' from foreign competiti on and nurture them to the point where they could stand on their own feet (â€Å"My Six Year Child Should Get a Job†). This is Chang’s core concept towards today’s free trade policies with respect to the developing countries economies. Hamilton proposed a series of protective measures to achieve the

Significance Of Arctic Setting In Frankenstein English Language Essay

Significance Of Arctic Setting In Frankenstein English Language Essay The arctic setting that Mary Shelley uses in her novel, Frankenstein, after the monster escapes was essential in understanding the feelings of Victors monstrous creation. The arctic is known for its isolated conditions with intolerable weather. When Victor Frankensteins creation sees the rejected reactions from other living beings he escapes to the separate himself from mankind. The romantic period of when Mary Shelley wrote her novel escaping to isolated places such as the arctic, was known as a spiritual reunion. The arctic represented isolation and pain in Victor Frankensteins creation. Mary Shelley used the arctic setting to correlate the monsters internal feeling with its environment that surrounded him. She used the arctic to symbolize Victors creation as empty, unaided, isolated, and confused. The arctic is still considered to be an intolerable place where it is much harder to live especially in the monsters scenario. Mary Shelley describes the struggles the monster was dealing with in regards to other human beings. She writes The whole village roused; some fled, some attacked me, until, grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons, I escaped to the open country, and fearfully took refuge (70-71). The monster was dealing with external problems from the horrific reactions from the villagers. In addition to being abandoned by his creator the monster felt abandoned from all of mankind. Mary Shelley used the arctic as the setting for where the monster fled after being created by Victor to indicate the maturation process of the monster and to give a deeper insight into his character. He was tortured by the reactions of the villagers and the seasonal process that nature goes through. In arctic conditions it becomes nearly impossible to live off of natural nutrients due to harsh temperatures. Victors creation explains, Food, however became scarce, and I often spent the whole day searching in vain for a few acorns to assuage the pangs of hunger (Shelley 70). This was a significant setting because the monster was clueless about his surroundings and the arctic created a deeper hole in his search for identity. In the article Embodied Settings in Frankenstein by David Ketterer, it explains that the arctic setting in Mary Shelleys novel was used in a metaphoric way: If the Alps and their Arctic setting analogue appear to be the monsters natural habitat that is surely because his being is bound up with the awe and terror provoked by such environments (Ketterer 548) Victors creation was a symbolism of the arctic. Mary Shelley used the arctic setting to represent the lonely soul of the creature. The arctic is lacking natural resources like the creature is lacking companionship. The monster describes the painful experiences he encountered in the winter seasons while in search for dry land and shelter to protect him from the snow, or as he describes it, the white ground; Romanticists looked at spiritual renewal as getting away into an isolated environment, and Mary Shelley used that Arctic setting to show the renewal the monster endured. In the article The Political Geography of horror in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein by Fred Randel, he writes Mary Shelley inherited a usage of the Gothic that, in contrast with the expectations of many modern readers, fore grounded history and geography (465). Mary Shelley showed Victors creations emotions when she wrote A great fall of snow had taken place the night before and the fields were of one uniform white, the appearance disconsolate and I found my feet chilled by the cold damp substance that covered the ground (70). Mary Shelley is showing the inscrutable feelings of the monster and how the arctic setting was essential to understand the renewal process of the monster. The monster feels the cold and bitter feelings that arctic is releasing. The arctic was important for the character development of the monster. Mary Shelley shows his maturation process through the story the monster tells Victor. She describes his innocence to his surroundings and the struggles that accompanied these mysterious altercations of the seasons he endured. The famine of food created hardship for the monster while the actions of the villagers against him created unknown feelings of disorder. Mary Shelley used the arctic in a metaphoric way in representing the lonesome the monster felt. The arctic is usually deceived as an uncomfortable surrounding and Victors creation resorted to the arctic for the opposite, comfort. Mary Shelley used the arctic to metaphorically represent Victors creation. The monster was a lonesome soul lacking companionship just like that arctic lacks food and nutrients. Work Cited Ketterer, David. Embodied Settings in Frankenstein. Science Fiction Studies 32.3 (2005) : 548. JSTOR. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4241397 Randel, Fred. The Political Geography of Horror In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. ELH 70.2 2003 : 465-491. JSTOR. Web. 28 Feb. 2010 http://www.jstor.org/stable/30029885 Â  Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1996. Print.

Clash of Belief Systems in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay example

Clash of Belief Systems  in The Scarlet Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Each person bases their judgment of others upon their own values or belief systems. These values or belief systems are influenced by experiences in the home and at school. The prevailing culture in an area has a tremendous impact on the belief systems of the child as well.   It is easy for a child to learn the difference between right and wrong, but they may fail to grasp the fact that the values they are taught are filtered through the belief systems of those who teach. Hawthorne judges the characters in The Scarlet Letter by using his own belief systems - drastically different from those of the Puritans. Instead of the stern, harsh values of the Puritans, Hawthorne sees life through the eyes of a Romantic. He judges each person accordingly, characterizing each person's sin as the pardonable sin of nature or the unpardonable sin of the human soul. One can infer, by the writing style, that Hawthorne is most forgiving to Hester. He writes about Hester with a feeling of compassion that the descriptions of the other characters lack. Hawthorne approves of Hetser's feeling, vitality, and thirst to overcome the iron shackles of binding society. He shows us that although Hester is not permitted to express her feelings verbally because of social persecution, there is no one that can restrain the thoughts of the human mind.   Hawthorne, being a romantic and man of nature himself, can relate to this. If one were to look up the human mating characteristics in a science book one might be shocked or surprised.   The human instinct is to have more than one partner not to stay loyal to one partn... ...rew emaciated his voice, still rich and sweet had a melancholy prophecy of decay in it he was often observed on a slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart, with first a flush and then paleness, indicative of pain. (119)    Hawthorne is a romantic and has the personality of one. He is most forgiving to Hester because she is a Romantic person. She lives in a society many years before her time, but she is strong willed and fights society’s disdain to overcome her own sin. Hawthorne places Dimmsdale somewhere amidst the foggy middle, between these two characters. Dimmsdale is   there because he commits no direct sin. By not telling anyone of his secret sin he causes the pain for himself and Hester. He clearly characterizes Chilingworth as the least pardonable because he commits the sin of the heart, the soul, and of God.    Clash of Belief Systems in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter Essay example Clash of Belief Systems  in The Scarlet Letter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Each person bases their judgment of others upon their own values or belief systems. These values or belief systems are influenced by experiences in the home and at school. The prevailing culture in an area has a tremendous impact on the belief systems of the child as well.   It is easy for a child to learn the difference between right and wrong, but they may fail to grasp the fact that the values they are taught are filtered through the belief systems of those who teach. Hawthorne judges the characters in The Scarlet Letter by using his own belief systems - drastically different from those of the Puritans. Instead of the stern, harsh values of the Puritans, Hawthorne sees life through the eyes of a Romantic. He judges each person accordingly, characterizing each person's sin as the pardonable sin of nature or the unpardonable sin of the human soul. One can infer, by the writing style, that Hawthorne is most forgiving to Hester. He writes about Hester with a feeling of compassion that the descriptions of the other characters lack. Hawthorne approves of Hetser's feeling, vitality, and thirst to overcome the iron shackles of binding society. He shows us that although Hester is not permitted to express her feelings verbally because of social persecution, there is no one that can restrain the thoughts of the human mind.   Hawthorne, being a romantic and man of nature himself, can relate to this. If one were to look up the human mating characteristics in a science book one might be shocked or surprised.   The human instinct is to have more than one partner not to stay loyal to one partn... ...rew emaciated his voice, still rich and sweet had a melancholy prophecy of decay in it he was often observed on a slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart, with first a flush and then paleness, indicative of pain. (119)    Hawthorne is a romantic and has the personality of one. He is most forgiving to Hester because she is a Romantic person. She lives in a society many years before her time, but she is strong willed and fights society’s disdain to overcome her own sin. Hawthorne places Dimmsdale somewhere amidst the foggy middle, between these two characters. Dimmsdale is   there because he commits no direct sin. By not telling anyone of his secret sin he causes the pain for himself and Hester. He clearly characterizes Chilingworth as the least pardonable because he commits the sin of the heart, the soul, and of God.   

Enduring Value †Othello Essay

Shakespeare’s masterpiece Othello has remained relevant beyond its original context not merely because of its universal themes of love and betrayal, but rather, due to its textual integrity, and the enduring value which is enhanced through the exploration of such issues, as marginalisation and the psychology of villainy. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Othello as being an outsider, and being â€Å"othered† by the Venetian society due to his different race, reflects traditional Elizabethan values and ethics regarding racial prejudice and inequality. These recurring issues, of social intolerance and racial bias are prevalent concerns in our modern society. Shakespeare’s expresses the nature of villainy through his antagonist, Iago, as he explores issues of betrayal and deceit. These issues, revolving around Othello’s passion, struggle and vulnerability, as an outsider, are representative of the human condition, hence making it pivotal, of why â€Å"Othell o† has remained relevant in a different context. Shakespeare positions us to view the marginalisation and dehumanisation of Othello, from various perspectives, initially through physical features, the notion of racial contempt is conveyed via Rodrigo’s, â€Å"Thick Lips†, Iago’s â€Å"Old Black Ram†, and Brabantio’s â€Å"fall in love with what she fear’d to look on†. This vilification, based on physical appearance reinforces traditional Elizabethan views, and to an extent, views held by groups in society today. Though, Othello’s physical appearance was just one factor. Othello was named â€Å"devil† by Iago, from a spiritual perspective, stereotyping those of African descent who were associated with witchcraft, this metaphor reinforces stereotypical racism, causing the reader to question, what has initiated such hatred from Iago to Othello, this allows the reader to a connect on an emotional level with Othello, as it generates empathy. Furthermore the readers perspecti ve of Othello is conflicted due to other members of Venetian society, â€Å"your son in law is far more fair than black†, this binary opposition from the Duke, contrasts between black and white, and their symbolic values. Othello’s â€Å"blackness† is associated with impurity and inhuman values, exemplified via â€Å"making the beast with two backs†, dehumanising Othello, and reinforcing how the Venetian society has ostracised him. Ostracism, based on spiritual backgrounds and physical appearance, is common even in a modern context, as bullying and racism is a common flaw in our society. Though, it is through these experiences, the reader can further empathise and have a better understanding of Othello’s character, and his emotions. Shakespeare also challenges us to consider Othello’s cultural background, through his foreign and exotic tales that Othello retells to members of Venetian society, this is exemplified through, â€Å"Tis true, there’s magic in the web of it†, this is not merely foreign to the Venetians, who were predominantly Religious Christians and did not believe in such black magic and witchcraft, but this was also seen as a waste of time , and an insignificant matter, as Desdemona instantly replies with, â€Å"I pray, talk me of Cassio†, followed by, â€Å"You’ll never meet a more sufficient man†. This repetition is implied to reinforce Desdemona’s lack of knowledge, as this is clearly making Othello enraged, but furthermore it expresses the carefree and uninterested approach Desdemona is taking in regards to Othello’s spiritual story of how he gained that handkerchief. Shakespeare, though, gives Othello a significantly high role in their Venetian society, positioning him as a General in the army, though Othello is granted a superior position, he would still be in a lower hierarchy, as the Venetian society could not overlook his outer â€Å"blackness†, reinforced through â€Å"you’ll have your nephew neigh to you†, this animalistic and sexual imagery, conveys to the reader, no matter how successful Othello becomes, the Venetian society will always regard him as less of a human. This dehumanisation is mainly the cause of the opportunistic antagonist, Iago. Shakespeare positions us to view Iago as a Machiavellian character, conveyed through the recurring issue of betrayal as Othello is blinded by his â€Å"loyalty†, this is exemplified through â€Å"A man he is of honesty and trust†, stated by Othello as he willingly accepts Iago. Shakespeare’s characterisation of Iago advances the readers hatred towards the cunning villain, as his soliloquies emphasise his devious nature, â€Å"the moor is of a free and open nature†¦ and will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are† this animalistic imagery communicates Iago’s lack of respect towards Othello, reflecting the nature of evil. This concept of the nature of evil is explored by F.R Leavis as he describes Othello as â€Å"overly aware of his nobility†, expressing Leavis’ distaste towards Othello. Furthermore, the motivation behind Iago’s evil is unknown, though Shakespeare positions us to see Iago as an opportunist through, â€Å"it is the green eyed monster which doth mock†, personifying jealousy to manipulate the emotions of the gullible Othello. Overall, Shakespeare’s deeply enthralling text â€Å"Othello†, has remained relevant beyond its original context, to suit a more modern audience, due to the text’s enduring values and textual integrity, enhanced through the common issue of marginalisation which is evident in both Elizabethan and 21st Century context.

Essay on Possibilities of Life

Essay on Possibilities of Life Essay on Possibilities of Life Possibilities of life George Orwell is the author, he was born in1903-1950 h was born in India. and was most famous for his writing that focused on the appalling possibilities of life in a totalitarian state with that in mind this poem is mainly about a loose full groan elephant that is in the town of moulmein disrupting the towns people. Leading to a problem for the soldiers to whether shoot down the elephant to prove a point that thy are more powerful than just some random elephant that disturbed the people or do they just escort the elephant and take it back were it belongs but be seen as weak and showing that in away the elephant can control them rather than soldiers being able to take a hold of the situation and handle it with some sort of higher power. The authors choice of words is my first point and to mehis decision in words are a very big deal duetothat it reflects on what he thinks and how he feels about whats going on which can show alot about how the author thinks informing the readers with more than just information.My second point is how the writters attitude is towards the subject. And to me he really truly dosnt want to kill the elephant and would rather just do away with it and get on with it. but instead he does what people suspect just because if things aren’t done a certain way things will get out of hand and will cause a even bigger problem than what there was in the beginning and thats the last thing he wants to do of corse. So over all he proves

Clive Bells Essay on Art essays

Clive Bell's Essay on Art essays In his essay, entitled "Art," Clive Bell proposes that there is one element that coheres all works of art considered great in the world. "There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality'" In other words, Bell accepts that there must be some aesthetic standards by which to judge all works of art. However, Bell acknowledges that the body of art produced in and by the world's artists is multifaceted in its character, depending on the era when it was produced, the artist who produced it, and the medium in which it was produced. Early on in his essay, Bell states that to define the core query behind all of art criticism is to ask, "What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions'" It is not enough to say that adherence to reality or beauty is the standard, otherwise a functional Persian bowl might be ranked above a masterpiece of fruit in a bowl painted by Czanne. Bell states, "only one answer seems possible - significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions." Thus, although the use of the term significant form' might on its surface to suggest that the standards Bell judges works of art by are quite standardized. But really, what "significant form" means is the visceral yet aesthetic impression that a work of art is apt to have upon a gazer. This is why, for Bell, "people who respond immediately and surely to works of artin my judgment, [are] more enviable than men of massive intellect [who are] are often quite as incapable of talking sense about aesthetics." Bell defends the common gazer, in essence, who looks upon a piece of art and intuitively responds to its construction. For instance, Bell might say that the p...

Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants Essay

Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants - Essay Example The essay "Quality and Superior Services of Restaurants" analyzes how any restaurant can achieve the status of being superior by investing in its basic services like the ambiance/decoration, the waiting staff, healthy food and the use of advanced equipment and technology since quality can be defined as perceived degree of product’s excellence. . If a company is offering products and services of unique features that made it surpass similar products in greatness then it means they have superior goods as compared to their competitors. â€Å"Differences in talent, ability, worth, appearance, status, and power often exist, but the low defense communicator seems to attach little importance to these distinctions.† This concept of quality and superiority can easily be understood by the example of restaurants. Most of the theses restaurants are providing quality services but very few of them are capable of providing superior services. Any restaurant can achieve the status of bei ng superior by investing in its basic services. People who want to dine out definitely requires something especial to feel and eat. Efforts should be made to impress the customers by providing them relax and pleasant environment. Furnishing should be comfortable yet functional. Few things that make the first impression about the restaurant, waiters/waitresses are among them. Hiring trained staff proved to be the backbone of the restaurant business. Customers expect friendly, polite and professional treatment from the waiting staff.

Project Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Goals - Essay Example One of the simplest concepts from project management that I learned that is very important for the functionality of a project is the fact that projects are tracked based on deliverables. The sequence of deliverables determines the project map. In the first round of the simulation I had to create a sequence of deliverables needed to transport the elephants from Zaminaka National Park to Ungoba National Park. The exercise of creating a sequence of activities was an example of a work breakdown structure. I learned from the simulation that project managers have to adapt to the situations based on circumstances and that minimizing risks is important in order to improve the possibilities of successfully completing a project. Project managers must make decisions based on tradeoffs between time, cost, and performance. The simulation shows that despite all the planning unforeseen circumstances occur. A reality about the business world is that a lot of projects are going to fail. In the pharma ceutical industry it takes approximately $800 million dollar to develop a new drug due to the cost of all the failed new drug projects the company has to absorb. The expenses that a company incurs in a failed project are considered sunk costs (Economist). The use of work breakdown structures is an advantage of the application of project management. WBS enables the project manager to accurately track the time of completion of many deliverables. Even if a project has over 100 deliverables to be completed the correct implementation of a work breakdown structure will ensure that the project manager can manage time and cost of the project effectively. A major limitation that was illustrated throughout the simulation was time. When a project gets delays it causes a ripple effect that affects all future deliverables of a project. Time becomes more sensitive when dealing with the health of live creatures. It is the responsibility of mankind to protect the animal kingdom and the endangered s pecies. Another advantage of the use of project management is that it provides a flexible leadership structure that employees understand. The project manager is the person responsible of the project, but he depends on the self-discipline and leadership skills of all the team members. Project management also offers advantages to a corporation such as the ability to separate special projects away from the normal operations of the firm. A project manager can focus on the performance of a specific project without worrying about the implication the project has on the corporation as a whole. A way to minimize the effects of bottlenecks on an operation is by performing adequate preparation. It is important to categorize the different types of bottlenecks. Seven types of bottlenecks are staffing, budget, people issues, client dependencies, vendor dependencies, task completion, and process dependencies (Sisco). Once bottlenecks are identified the project manager can develop contingency plans to deal with different scenarios based on each bottleneck category. All the alternative solutions to deal with different types of bottlenecks must be documented by the project manager. As a project manager if I was required to crunch a project and I had to select between sacrificing risks or time I would sacrifice the risk variable. Once a risk is identified even if a company incur in the risky behavior there are ways to minimize the e

Ethical Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethical Guidelines - Essay Example The American Statistical Association on their part should ensure that everybody using statistical practices is well informed on the Ethical guidelines for statistical practices. The importance of statistical analyses in our current society cannot go unnoticed. Statistical practices are employed in various sectors in the economy such as health sector, education, environment, agriculture, industry and many other sectors. Therefore, an ethical decision-making in statistics practices in inevitable. Before making any statistical decision, proper professionalism must be adhered to. The decision maker has to ensure relevance before making the final statistical decision. For instance, before making any policies that may arise from statistical results, statisticians have to take into consideration the long-term effects that the policy will have on the general public. The ethical guidelines require that the researcher should ensure that adequate statistical and subject-matter expertise in both applied to any planned study. Therefore it is unethical for somebody who is experienced on agriculture to undertaken research on a medical field where he/she has no expertise. In terms of responsibility, the guidelines clearly states that a person should maintain personal responsibility for all the work bearing his/her name. This will ensure that plagiarism is avoided at all cost. The field of statistics is characterized by many stakeholders. This is because many people have personal or public interests in the results of the statistical practices. The most likely stakeholders in statistical studies are funders, clients and employers. Funders are those who sponsor the entire study and are mostly interested on the positive results from the study. They may use the results to make policies that may serve their interest or the general public’s. In most cases NGOs and

IP Art Appreciation AIU Online Essay Example for Free

IP Art Appreciation AIU Online Essay Among the three artists Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt there have been many magnificent works of art. There are many different similarities and differences within each Artists works, aesthetic qualities and symbolic significance, as well as the artists points of view for each work of art. Rubens, (Peter Paul Rubens) â€Å"was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. † He began by visiting many famous artists and copying some of their works of art to develop a sort of sense of understanding for this type of art and how it is create. One of his paintings â€Å"Head of Medusa† can be seen by many as very grotesque, yet it is incredibly detailed and realistic. Medusa was known as a Gorgon in Greek mythology, and that was of evil. Many often described her as a winged type creature with head of snakes. Though, she was mortal and Perseus killed Medusa by decapitating her. Medusas death is found in the epic, Argonautica. This painting is most likely depicting the defeat of evil, and intended to be very dramatic, catching the viewers’ attention immediately. (Rubens.org 2013) Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio) â€Å"was an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He is commonly placed in the Baroque school, of which he is considered the first great representatives.† He was also one of the many artists that Rubens copied in his times of studying art. â€Å"The intense realism or naturalism, for which Caravaggio is now famous, is used in the majority of his paintings. He preferred to paint his subjects as the eye sees them, with all their natural flaws and defects instead of as idealized creations. This allowed a full display of Caravaggios virtuosic talents. He was also widely known as the most famous painter in Rome. His painting of Medusa in a leather jousting shield is very similar in meaning to that of Rubens painting, though  Caravaggio’s depicts that of the incident where the Goddess Athena placed in upon her shield because any who looked upon the head of Medusa would turn to stone. Both Caravaggio’s and Rubens painting are grotesque and dramatic, yet a beautiful display of their own imagery. (Caravaggio.org 2013) A writer named Walter Wallace gives an incredible and justifying description of Rembrandt ( Rembrandt Van Rijn). He states â€Å"In life Rembrandt suffered far more misfortune than falls to the lot of an ordinary man, and he bore it with the utmost nobility†¦. The child of poor, ignorant Dutch peasants, Rembrandt was born with near-miraculous skill in art. As an uneducated young man, he established himself in Amsterdam, married a beautiful, wealthy, sympathetic girl named Saskia, and enjoyed a brief period of prosperity and fame. However, because men of genius are always misunderstood by the public, fate snatched him by the throat†¦. Rembrandt responded with a masterpiece, a fact unfortunately apparent only to him and his wife. Everyone else, from the burghers to the herring-peddlers, thought the painting was dreadful. Rembrandts patrons hooted in rage and derision, demanding changes that the artist, secure in the knowledge that posterity would vindicate him, stubbornly refused to make.†(Wallace 1968) Like Caravaggio and Ruben, his works could be just as realistic and gruesome, yet seem to take your breath away at the meaningful imagery that they all portrayed. One of his paintings The Blinding of Samson, he depicts armored men holding down Samson, and taking a knife to his eyes, thus blinding him. This is of course representing the Blinding of Samson that is portrayed in the Holy Bible. This artist captures the viewers attention by the emotion of this moment. It was also very common to see stories of the Bible depicted in artists work during this time period due to The Roman Catholic Church’s stand point at that time. The three artists Ruben, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt all created amazing works of art, with similar interests as well as display of their own imagery. All three works of art depict similarity that suggests they are from the same time period, such as the style, detail of dramatic facial expressions, and that each was of some sort of mythology or theory that they firmly believed on or felt an intense obligation to share. References: Caravaggio, The Complete Works. (2013). Retrieved on September 28, 2013 from: http://www.caravaggio-foundation.org/Medusa,-painted-on-a-leather-jousting-shield,-c.1596-98.html Peter Paul Rubens, The Complete Works. (2013). Retrieved on September 29, 2013 from: http://www.peterpaulrubens.org/biography.html Wallace, Walter. (1968) The Legend and the Man, in The World of Rembrandt: 1606-1669. pp. 17-25.

Terrorism: Definition, History and Solutions

Terrorism: Definition, History and Solutions TERRORISM:  AN EXPLORATION OF ITS DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS â€Å"Terrorism upsets people. It does so deliberately. That is its point, and that is why it has engrossed so much of our attention in the early years of the 21st century.† Townshend [1] Ask any ten individuals on the streets of London, Paris, Moscow, or New York for the top three issues facing the world today and one common response is likely to be terrorism. Inquire further about how the same people would define terrorism, when terrorism began, and how terrorism can be stopped and you will probably be faced with a myriad of answers, or maybe just looks of puzzlement. The range of responses (or lack thereof) from the public should not be surprising. Not even experts agree on responses to these seemingly fundamental questions on an issue of such importance to worldwide security, an issue that Thackrah suggests is â€Å"one of the most intractable global problems at the start of the twenty-first century†.[2] This essay begins by surveying the vast array of definitions for the term terrorism, providing some insight into the reasons that terrorism is so difficult for experts to define, and adopting a working definition for the term. The historical roots of terrorism will then be explored and results of a review of selected literature on possible solutions for dealing with terrorism will be introduced. Finally, a conclusion discussing the results of the literature review will be presented. Terrorism Defined What is terrorism? The definition assigned to the term very much depends on who you ask, although, as Hoffman writes, â€Å"few words have so insidiously worked their way in to our everyday vocabulary†.[3] Oots writes that terrorism has been defined in different ways by various scholars.[4] Hoffman suggests that most individuals have vague notions of what the term means, but cannot offer precise, explanatory definitions. The Terrorism Research Center claims that â€Å"[t]errorism by nature is difficult to define†.[5] Townshend writes that both politicians and scholars have been â€Å"hung up† in attempting to define terrorism in a way that distinguishes it from other criminal violence and even military action.[6] Complicating attempts to define terrorism, the meaning and usage of the term have changed over the years.[7] Complications aside, most people would agree that terrorism is a subjective term with negative connotations, a pejorative term, used to describe the acts of enemies or opponents. The term has moral connotations and can be used to persuade others to adopt a particular viewpoint. For instance, if an individual sympathises with the victims of terrorism, then the perpetrator is considered to be a terrorist, but if an individual sympathises with the perpetrator, then the perpetrator is considered to be a freedom fighter or is referred to by equally positive characterisations.[8] About this, the Terrorism Research Center writes: â€Å"One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.†[9] Whittaker distinguishes between terrorists, guerrillas, and freedom fighters in writing: â€Å"the terrorist targets civilians†; â€Å"the guerrilla goes for military personnel and facilities†; and â€Å"the freedom fighter conducts a campaign to liberate his people from dictatorial oppression, gross disarmament, or the grip of an occupying power†.[10] One author included over one hundred definitions for the term terrorism.[11] Another quoted over ninety definitions and descriptions.[12] The definitions range from those that are quite simplistic to those that are equally comprehensive. The following definitions are illustrative of the broad range of thought: Terrorism is â€Å"violence for purposes of creating fear†.[13] Terrorism is â€Å"politically and socially motivated violence†.[14] â€Å"Terrorism is political violence in or against true democracies.†[15] â€Å"Terrorism may be described as a strategy of violence designed to inspire terror within a particular segment of a given society.†[16] â€Å"Terrorism is the most amoral of organised violence†.[17] Terrorism is â€Å"a form of warfare†¦used when full-scale military action is not possible†.[18] â€Å"Terrorism is a method of action by which an agent tends to produce terror in order to impose his domination.†[19] â€Å"Terrorism is the systematic use of coercive intimidation, usually to service political ends. It is used to create a climate of fear.[20] Terrorism is â€Å"the threat or use of violence, often against the civilian population, to achieve political or social ends, to intimidate opponents, or to publicise grievances†.[21] â€Å"Terrorism is the use of coercive means aimed at populations in an effort to achieve political, religious, or other aims.†[22] Terrorism is â€Å"politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience†.[23] Whittaker explores the complexity of defining terrorism by furnishing a comprehensive list of terrorism criteria:[24] The violence or threat of violence inherent in terrorism is premeditated and politically motivated for the purpose of intimidating or coercing a government or the public in general. The strategy of terrorism is to instil fear and insecurity. Sustained campaigns or sporadic incidents are applied by terrorists in conducting their unlawful activities. Calculated use of violence is applied against civilian, non-combatant targets. Acquiring, manipulating, and employing power is at the root of terrorism. Revolutionary terrorism attempts to completely change the political system within a state; sub-revolutionary terrorism attempts to effect change without totally replacing the existing political system. Terrorism consists of carefully planned goals, means, targets, and access conducted in a clandestine manner. The goals of terrorism focus on political, social, ideological, or religious ends. This distinguishes terrorism from other criminal activity. Terrorism is conducted occasionally by individuals, but most often by sub-national groups. An important objective of terrorism is to obtain maximum publicity. Increasingly, terrorist â€Å"zones of action† are extending beyond national borders, becoming transnational in effect. The vast number of definitions proposed for the term terrorism might make one wonder if there could ever be agreement around a common definition. For without a common understanding about what terrorism is, how can it be challenged and ultimately removed as a threat to modern civilisation? Despite the many definitions for terrorism, there does seem to be an emerging consensus on the definition of the term, according to Jenkins.[25] For instance, Enders and Sandler offer the following comprehensive definition of terrorism: â€Å"Terrorism is the premeditated use or threat of use of extranormal violence or brutality by subnational groups to obtain a political, religious, or ideological objective through intimidation of a huge audience, usually not directly involved with the policy making that terrorists seek to influence.†[26] Enders and Sandler’s definition will be used for the purpose of this essay not only because it is an example of a current consensus description, but also because it contains criteria suggested by other definitions surveyed in the literature review – violence or threats of violence; intimidation of large civilian audiences; desire to influence; subnational terrorist groupings; and political, religious, or ideological objectives. Historical Roots of Terrorism Colin Gray writes that terrorism â€Å"is as old as strategic history†.[27] The roots of terrorism can be traced back in time to ancient Greece, and terrorist acts have occurred throughout history since that time. The term terrorism, however, originated in the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror [28] and was popularised at that time.[29] Terrorism in this era carried a very positive connotation as it was undertaken in an effort to establish order during the anarchy that followed uprisings in France in 1789. It was considered to be an instrument of governance instituted to intimidate counter-revolutionaries, dissidents and subversives and was associated with the ideals of democracy and virtue. In fact, according to Hoffman, the revolutionary leader Maximillien Robespierre claimed that â€Å"virtue, without which terror is evil; terror, without which virtue is helpless† and that â€Å"[t]error is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue†.[30] Terrorism at the start of the twentieth century retained the revolutionary connotations it had acquired during the French Revolution as it took aim on the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. In the 1930s, the meaning of terrorism mutated to describe activities of totalitarian governments and their leaders against their citizenry in Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Stalinist Russia. For instance, in Germany and Italy, gangs of â€Å"brown shirts† or â€Å"black shirts† harassed and intimidated opponents, although leaders of these nations denied that this occurred. After World War II, the meaning of terrorism changed once again, returning to its revolutionary connotations where it remains today. Terrorist activities in the 1940s and 1950s primarily focused on revolts by indigenous nationalist groups opposing colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, resulting in independence for many countries. Although terrorism retained its revolutionary connotation in the 1960s and 1970s, the focus shifted from anti-colonialist to separatist goals. Today, terrorism involves broader, less distinct goals.[31] The right-wing and left-wing terrorism that became widespread in recent times included acts by diverse groups such as the Italian Red Brigades; the Irish Republican Army; the Palestine Liberation Organisation; the Shining Path in Peru; the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka; the Weatherman in the United States; various â€Å"militia† organisations, also in the United States; radical Muslims through Hamas and Al Quaeda; radical Sikhs in India; and the Aum Shinrikyo in Japan.[32] Some governments, such as those in Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Syria, are also considered to be involved in terrorism as sponsors of terrorist activities.[33] Some people, such as American dissident Noam Chomsky, contend that the government of the United States is engaged in terrorism, as exemplified by the title of Chomsky’s 2001 article entitled â€Å"U.S.â₠¬â€A Leading Terrorist State†, which appeared in the Monthly Review[34]. Terrorism associated with the French Revolution had two important characteristics in common with terrorism today. Firstly, terrorism was, and is today, organised, deliberate, and systematic. Secondly, the goals of terrorism then and now were and are to create a new, better society.[35] But, terrorism today has changed in some very fundamental ways: (1) terrorist organisations have evolved into network forms and are less often organised in hierarchies; (2) the identities of transnational terrorist organisations are harder to identify because they claim responsibility for specific acts less often; (3) today’s terrorist groups do not make demands as often as in the past and their goals appear to be more hazy and vague; (4) motives have generally shifted from those that are more politically-oriented to those that are more religiously-oriented; (5) targets of terrorists are more dispersed around the globe; and (6) terrorist violence, today, is more indiscriminate, involving signifi cant collateral damage to the public.[36] With this historical foundation, particularly the description of the evolution of terrorism into its current form, the focus now shifts to possible solutions to dealing with the issue today. Possible Solutions to Terrorism To effectively meet the challenges of terrorism, one should consider the history of terrorism, but must also look to the future. Kress and colleagues contend that terrorism is increasing in â€Å"geographical scope, numerical frequency, and intensity† as well as in â€Å"ingenuity and subtlety†. They suggest that these trends could well translate into more varied threats and more powerful tools and weapons, adding that â€Å"bombs will get smaller and more powerful, poisons and mind-blowing drugs more insidious, psychological techniques for converting or brainwashing the victims more effective, and psychological tortures more agonizing.†[37] Ian Lesser offers a comprehensive approach for meeting the challenges of terrorism. His approach consists of a core strategy and supporting strategies aimed at targeting security threats posed by terrorists within a context of global security threats from all sources. Lesser’s core strategy consists of four components: (1) reducing systemic causes of terrorism, (2) deterring terrorists and their sponsors, (3) reducing risks associated with â€Å"superterrorism†, and (4) retaliating in instances where deterrence fails. In reducing system causes of terrorism, Lesser is referring to the long-term goal of addressing issues that give rise to terrorism such as social and economic problems, unresolved ethnic and nationalist conflicts, frustrated political ambitions, and personal experiences of individuals who may become future terrorists. In deterring terrorists and their sponsors, Lesser suggests taking â€Å"massive and personal† actions against terrorist leadership, although he concedes that this is becoming more and more difficult as terrorists and their sponsors become more diverse and diffuse. In reducing risks associated with â€Å"superterrorism†, Lesser calls for eliminating weapons of mass destruction that terrorists could use in inflicting destruction and suffering. And, finally, in retaliating when deterrence fails, Lesser suggests developing the means to retaliate quickly and specifically to terrorist activities.[38] One of Lesser’s strategies supporting his core strategy is â€Å"environmental shaping†, which involves exposing sponsors of terrorism to global scrutiny and isolation; shrinking the â€Å"zones of chaos and terrorist sanctuary; including counterterrorism as an integral component of strategic alliances; limiting global exposure; and targeting terrorist networks and funding. His â€Å"hedging strategy† involves hardening key policies and strategies to limit risks of terrorism, increasing ground and space-based surveillance of terrorist resources, and preparing to mitigate the effects of terrorism to limit negative effects.[39] Kress and associates reiterate the first component of Lesser’s core strategy in offering their proactive approach to dealing with terrorism; specifically, addressing â€Å"genuine political injustice† and resolving â€Å"supposed injustices†.[40] Chalk contends that a state response to terrorism must be â€Å"limited, well-defined and controlled† to avoid compromising â€Å"the political and civil traditions that are central to the liberal democratic way of life†. He suggests that â€Å"any liberal democratic response to terrorism has to rest on one overriding maxim: a commitment to uphold and maintain constitutional principles of law and order†.[41] Conclusion The long history of terrorism, dating as far back as ancient Greece, suggests that this phenomenon may never be eliminated as a tactic by those people or groups without sufficient formal legal power to achieve their goals. However, this does not imply that terrorism cannot be engaged proactively and reactively. Logically, it seems that the first step should be to agree on a universally-accepted definition for terrorism because, without a consensus on the meaning of the term, effectively addressing its causes and its effects may be difficult at best and impossible at worst. With a consensus definition in hand, the comprehensive strategy for dealing with terrorism proposed by Lesser – reduction in systemic causes, deterrence, â€Å"superterrorism† risk reduction, and retaliation – would appear to offer the most balanced, effective approach. Today’s leaders should realise that offensive and defensive military action, so typical of traditional warfare, is quite ineffective as a sole method for dealing with modern forms of terrorism as demonstrated by failures experienced by Israel in dealing with the Palestinian terrorist problem and the greater-than-expected difficulties experienced by the United States, the United Kingdom, and others in ridding the world of radical Islamic terrorists. These efforts may not only fail to ultimately deal effectively with preventing terrorist activities, but may also produce more terrorists who are offended by military actions. Alternatively, a holistic approach – one which includes proacti ve prevention and reactive punishment measures such as the approach advocated by Lesser – should be employed. In any solution to the global problem of terrorism, the cautionary advice offered by Peter Chalk should be considered; that is, political and civil liberties should not be sacrificed in responding to the terrorist threat. For the very way of life the governments of free societies are trying to protect in their attempts to combat terrorism could be compromised by actions that are not limited, well-defined and controlled. Interestingly, this thought was eloquently proffered more than two centuries ago by American inventor, journalist, printer, and statesman Benjamin Franklin in warning that â€Å"[t]hose who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety.† The recommendation, then, is to deal with terrorism in a holistic, balanced manner stressing proactive and reactive measures whilst preserving political and civil liberties. References Bassiouni, M. â€Å"Terrorism, Law Enforcement and the Mass Media: Perspectives, Problems, Proposals†, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:1 (1981). Cited in Thackrah (2004). Bergesen, Albert J., and Han, Yi. â€Å"New Directions for Terrorism Research†. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 46:1-2 (2005). Bite, V. â€Å"International Terrorism†. Foreign Affairs Division, Library of Congress, Appendix of U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975. Cited in Thackrah (2004). Chalk, Peter. â€Å"The Response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy†. The Australian Journal of Politics and History 44:3 (1998). Chomsky, N. â€Å"U.S. – A Leading Terrorist State†. Monthly Review 53 (2001): 10-19. Cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). Enders, W., and Sandler, T. â€Å"Patterns of Transnational Terrorism, 1970 1999: Alternative Time-Series Estimates†. International Studies Quarterly 46 (2002): 145-65. Cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). Fromkin, David. â€Å"The Strategy of Terrorism†. In Contemporary Terrorism: Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. Gaithersburg, Maryland: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978. Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Heyman, P. B. Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1998. Cited in Thackrah (2004). Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Jenkins, B. M. â€Å"Terrorism and Beyond: A 21st Century Perspective†. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24 (2001): 321-27. Cited in Bergesen and Han. â€Å"New Directions for Terrorism Research†. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 46:1-2 (2005). Kress, Bruce, Livingston, Marius H., and Wanek, Marie G. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978. Lesser, Ian. â€Å"Countering the New Terrorism: Implications for Strategy†. In Countering the New Terrorism, Hoffman et al., eds. Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1999. Mallin, Jay. â€Å"Terrorism as a Military Weapon†. In Contemporary Terrorism: Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. Gaithersburg, Maryland: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978. Cited in Oots (1986). Oots, Kent Layne. Political Organization Approach to Transnational Terrorism. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. Ruby, C. L. â€Å"The Definition of Terrorism†. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2(1) (2002): 9-14. Cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). Terrorism Research Center, What is the Definition of Terrorism? (n.d.) Available from: http://www.terrorism.com. Accessed: 29 November 2005. Thackrah, John Richard. Dictionary of Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2004. The Columbia Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Terrorism† (2004). Townshend, Charles. Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Waciorsky, J. La Terrorisme Politique. Paris: A Pedone, 1939. Cited in Thackrah (2004). Whittaker, David J. Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World. New York: Routledge, 2004. Wilkinson, P. Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London: Frank Cass, 2000. Cited in Thackrah (2004). Wilkinson, P. â€Å"Three Questions on Terrorism†, Government and Opposition 8:3 (1973). Cited in Thackrah (2004). 1 Footnotes [1] Charles Townshend, Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). [2] John Richard Thackrah, Dictionary of Terrorism (New York: Routledge, 2004). [3] Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 14. [4] Kent Layne Oots, Political Organization Approach to Transnational Terrorism (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986). [5] Terrorism Research Center, â€Å"What is the Definition of Terrorism?† (n.d.), Available from: http://www.terrorism.com, Accessed: 29 November 2005. [6] Townshend (2002). [7] Hoffman (1998). [8] Hoffman (1998). [9] Terrorism Research Center (n.d.). [10] David J. Whittaker, Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World (New York: Routledge, 2004). [11] Townshend (2002). [12] Thackrah (2004). [13] David Fromkin, â€Å"The Strategy of Terrorism†, in Contemporary Terrorism: Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. (Gaithersburg, Maryland: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978), cited in Oots (1986). [14] V. Bite, â€Å"International Terrorism†, Foreign Affairs Division, Library of Congress, Appendix of U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975), cited in Thackrah (2004). [15] P. B. Heyman, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1998), cited in Thackrah (2004). [16] M. Bassiouni, â€Å"Terrorism, Law Enforcement and the Mass Media: Perspectives, Problems, Proposals†, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:1 (1981), cited in Thackrah (2004). [17] P. Wilkinson, â€Å"Three Questions on Terrorism†, Government and Opposition 8:3 (1973), cited in Thackrah (2004). [18] Jay Mallin, â€Å"Terrorism as a Military Weapon†, in Contemporary Terrorism: Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. (Gaithersburg, Maryland: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978), cited in Oots (1986). [19] J. Waciorsky, La Terrorisme Politique, (Paris: A Pedone, 1939), cited in Thackrah (2004). [20] P. Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (London: Frank Cass, 2000), cited in Thackrah (2004). [21] The Columbia Encyclopaedia, â€Å"Terrorism† (2004). [22] N. Chomsky, â€Å"U.S.A Leading Terrorist State†, Monthly Review 53 (2001): 10-19, cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). [23] C. L. Ruby, â€Å"The Definition of Terrorism†, Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2(1) (2002): 9-14, cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). [24] Whittaker (2004). [25] B. M. Jenkins, â€Å"Terrorism and Beyond: A 21st Century Perspective†, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24 (2001): 321-27, cited in Bergesen and Han, â€Å"New Directions for Terrorism Research†, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 46:1-2 (2005). [26] W. Enders and T. Sandler, â€Å"Patterns of Transnational Terrorism, 1970 1999: Alternative Time-Series Estimates†, International Studies Quarterly 46 (2002): 145-65, cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). [27] Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). [28] The Columbia Encyclopaedia (2004). [29] Hoffman (1998). [30] Hoffman (1998). [31] Hoffman (1998). [32] The Columbia Encyclopaedia (2004). [33] Hoffman (1998). [34] N. Chomsky, â€Å"U.S.A Leading Terrorist State†, Monthly Review 53 (2001), cited in Bergesen and Han (2005). [35] Hoffman (1998). [36] Albert J. Bergesen and Yi Han, â€Å"New Directions for Terrorism Research†, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 46:1-2 (2005). [37] Bruce Kress, Marius H. Livingston, and Marie G. Wanek, International Terrorism in the Contemporary World (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978). [38] Ian Lesser, â€Å"Countering the New Terrorism: Implications for Strategy†, in Hoffman et al., Countering the New Terrorism (Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1999). [39] Lesser (1999). [40] Kress, Livingston, and Wanek (1978). [41] Peter Chalk, â€Å"The Response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy†, The Australian Journal of Politics and History 44:3 (1998).